Cryptococcal Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: From Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers to Treatment Approaches

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) presents as an exaggerated immune reaction that occurs during dysregulated restoration in immunocompromised patients late-stage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who have commenced antiretroviral treatments (ART). Virtually any opportunistic pathogen can provoke this type of disorder. In review, we focus on recent developments the identification risk factors for Cryptococcal IRIS and advancements our understanding C-IRIS immunopathogenesis. We overview new findings blood cerebrospinal fluid which potentially be useful prediction diagnosis cryptococcal meningitis (CM-IRIS). assess current therapeutic regimens novel treatment approaches to combat CM-IRIS. discuss utility biomarkers clinical monitoring adjusting modalities acquired (AIDS) co-infected with Cryptococcus initiated ART.